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Abstract
Fish farming is a very indispensable component of modern society, especially in Nigeria where fish occupies a central position in the diet of the average Nigerian. Production of quality fish is a function of good quality feed containing the right proportion of protein and other micronutrients. Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato) is a herbaceous creeping plant which is commonly found in the wild and its leaf may be included in fish feed production. This present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical, proximate and amino acids composition of partial replacement of I batatas leaf inclusion fish diet. Fresh I. batatas leaves were harvested from Aluu community in Ikwerre L.G.A. of Rivers State, Nigeria and prepared for analysis by soaking ten grams (10 g) of the sample in 100 ml of distilled water in a beaker and left for about 8hrs followed by filtration of the solution; the filtrate was subsequently used for phytochemical screening. All chemicals and reagents used were of analytical grade. I. batatas leaf inclusion feeds were formulated using the Pearson’s square standard method. Phytochemicals, proximate, nitrogen-free extract and amino acids concentration were determined by standard methods. The results indicate that in I. batatas leaves cardiac glycosides and tannins were highly present while alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids and phenols were moderately present. Proximate composition of the formulated fish feeds showed the following ranges: protein (35.16±0.23% to 43.75±0.30%), lipid (6.18±0.60% to 11.93±0.13%), moisture (6.04±2.13% to 9.33±0.82), ash (5.39±0.36% to 9.44±0.12%), NFE (19.41±0.87% to 34.23±0.40%) and fibre (2.15±0.76% to 7.98±0.14%). A total of nineteen amino acids were found in varying proportions including essential amino acids such as histidine, lysine, valine, leucine, arginine, methionine, phenylalanine and isoleucine were present. Thus, I. batatas has good potential for inclusion in fish diet due to its rich proximate content (especially protein) and amino acids which are indispensable for fish growth and development.
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References
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- Oluwarotimi, O. A., Akinyemi, A. A., & Olaniyi, S. A. (2022). Private investments in the Nigerian aquaculture industry: Trends and implications.Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 6(2), 40-53.
- Pandey, G., Sharma, M. & Mandloi, A. K. (2012). Medicinal plants useful in fish diseases. Plant Archives, 12(1), 1-4.
- Sofowora, A. (1980). Guidelines for research promotion and development in traditional medicine. Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy, 11,117-118.
- Udosen, E. O., Udok, U. E. & Unuigue, O. S. (1998). The comparison of the Nutrient composition of Lasianthera africanaand Heinsia crinata. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 23, 571-576.
References
Aberoumand, A. (2012). Screening of Phytochemical Compounds and Toxic Proteinaceous Protease Inhibitor in Some Lesser-Known Food Based Plants and Their Effects and Potential Applications in Food. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Engineering, 2(2), 1-5.Alam, M. K., Rana, Z. H. & Islam, S. N. (2016). Comparison of the Proximate Composition, Total Carotenoids and Total Polyphenol Content of Nine Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato Varieties Grown in Bangladesh. Foods, 5(64), 1-10.Al-Bayati, F. A., & Sulaiman, K. D. (2008). In vitro antimicrobial activity of Salvadora persica L.extracts against some isolated oral pathogens in Iraq.Turkish Journal of Biology,32(1), 57-62.AOAC, H. W. (2000). International A: Official Methods of Analysis of the AOAC International.The Association: Arlington County, VA, USA.Akpabio, I. O., Arinde, E. R., & Ekanem, S. B. (2019). Evaluation of soybean meal as a protein source in the diet of African catfish, Clarias gariepinusfingerlings. Journal of Aquatic Sciences,34(1), 47-53.Awol, A. (2014). Phytochemical Screening, Proximate and Mineral Composition of Sweet Potato Leaves Grown in Tepi Provision, South-west of Ethiopia. Science, Technology & Arts Research Journal, 3(3), 112-115.Awoyinka, O. A., Balogun, I. O. & Ogunnowo, A. A. (2007). Phytochemical screening and in-vitro bioactivity of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Euphorbiaceae). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 1(3), 63-65.Ayeleso, T. B., Ramachela, K., & Mukwevho, E. (2016). A review of therapeutic potentials of sweet potato: Pharmacological activities and influence of the cultivar.Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research,15(12), 2751-2761.
Dawson, B. (2018). Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Horticulture. Available online at https://horticulture.ucdavis.edu/ (retrieved 30th July 2023)Effiong, G. S., Ogban, P. I., Ibia, T. O., & Adam, A. A. (2009). Evaluation of nutrient supplying potentials of Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis, Hook, F.) and Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) (L.) Moench. Academic Journal of Plant Sciences,2(3), 209–214Elgabry, R. M., Sedeek, M. S., Meselhy, K. M., & Fawzy, G. A. (2023). A review on the potential health benefits of Sweet Potato: insights on its preclinical and clinical studies.International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 58(6):2866-2872Fagbohun, E.D., Egbebi, A.O. & Lawal, O.U. (2012). Phytochemical screening, proximate analysis and in-vitro antimicrobial activities of methanolic extract of Cnidoscolus aconitifoliusleaves. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Review and Research, 13, 28-33.Harbone, J. B. (1973). Phytochemical Methods, a Guide to Modern Technique of Plant Analysis. (2ndEdn). Chapman and Hall, New York.Hodge, J. E. & Hofreiter, B. T. (1962). In: Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry (Eds). Academic Press, New York.Igboh, M. N., Ikewuchi, J. C. & Ikewuchi, C. C. (2009). Chemical Profile of Chromolaena odorata L. (King and Robinson) Leaves. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8(5), 521-524.Ikewuchi,C. C., Ikewuchi, C. J., Ayalogu, O. E. & Onyeike, N. E. (2010). Proximate and Phytochemical Profile of Sansevieria liberica Gérôme and Labroy. Journal of Applied Science & Environmental Management, 14(2), 103 –106.Isong, E. U. & Idiong, U. I. (1997). Comparative studies on the nutritional and toxic composition of three varieties of Lesianthera africana. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 51:79-84.Ndamitso, M. M., Mathew J. T., Etsuyankpa M. B., Shaba E. Y. and Tsado A.N. (2019). Comparative Study Of The Mineral, Proximate And Amino Acid Compositions Of Red Sweet Potato (Ipomoea Batatass) And Its Syrup. Assumption University-eJournal of Interdisciplinary Research (AU-eJIR),4(1), 10-19.
Okaraonye, C. C. & Ikewuchi, J. C. (2009). Nutritional and Antinutritional Components ofPennisetum purpureum (Schumach). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8(1), 32-34.
Olaniyan, A. M., Agbede, S. A., & Fagbuaro, S. S. (2022). Nutritional evaluation of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves as a potential feed ingredient for fish. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 34(1), 1-12.
Olutiola, P. O., Famurewa, O. & Sonntag, H. G. (1991). An Introduction to General Microbiology, A Practical Approach. Germany: Heidelberger Verlagsanstalt und Druckerei GmbH Heidelberg. ISBN: 3-89426-042-4.
Oluwarotimi, O. A., Akinyemi, A. A., & Olaniyi, S. A. (2022). Private investments in the Nigerian aquaculture industry: Trends and implications.Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 6(2), 40-53.
Pandey, G., Sharma, M. & Mandloi, A. K. (2012). Medicinal plants useful in fish diseases. Plant Archives, 12(1), 1-4.
Sofowora, A. (1980). Guidelines for research promotion and development in traditional medicine. Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy, 11,117-118.
Udosen, E. O., Udok, U. E. & Unuigue, O. S. (1998). The comparison of the Nutrient composition of Lasianthera africanaand Heinsia crinata. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 23, 571-576.